From MMAE

I'll need some help reorganizing everything. It would be silly to put an entire textbook on a single page.

Contents 1 An Introduction to Thermodynamics 1.1 Preliminaries 1.1.1 Units 1.1.2 Heat and Work 1.1.2.1 Closed and Open Systems 1.1.2.2 Heat and Temperature 1.1.3 A Summary of the Three Laws of Thermodynamics 1.1.3.1 First Law 1.1.3.2 Second Law 1.1.3.3 Third Law 1.2 First Law in Detail 1.2.1 Saturated System Properties 1.3 Second Law in Detail 2 Thermodynamics of Mechanical Systems 2.1 Exergy / Availability 2.2 Cycles 2.2.1 Gas Power Cycles 2.2.2 Vapor Power Cycles 2.2.3 Refrigeration Cycles 2.3 Differential Property Relations 2.4 Gas Mixtures 2.5 Psychometrics 2.6 Chemical Reactions 2.7 Equilibrium 2.8 Compressible Fluid Flow

[edit] An Introduction to Thermodynamics

[edit] Preliminaries

[edit] Units

[edit] Heat and Work

[edit] Closed and Open Systems

[edit] Heat and Temperature

[edit] A Summary of the Three Laws of Thermodynamics

[edit] First Law

From a very strict standpoint, mass and energy can be converted between each other according to Einstein's E = mc², but for most mechanical engineering applications this relationship can be safely ignored. These effects are quite minimal regarding mass changes within a system. Instead, one can simplify analysis by saying that mass is always conserved. Likewise, energy is always conserved. For most engineering applications, the following mass and energy balances hold:

M_in − M_out + M_stored = 0

E_in − E_out − E_generated = ΔE

[edit] Second Law

[edit] Third Law

Stated simply, it is impossible to reach absolute zero.

Absolute zero is the complete absence of thermal energy. The vibrations of molecules and atoms that normally occur due to heat stop. No temperature exists below this; a particle cannot have negative kinetic energy.

Without entering a rigorous discussion of entropy, a simple explanation can be crafted. Recall that heat flows from hot objects to cold ones. To cool an object, one must remove heat, and this heat removed must travel to a colder object. Since nothing is colder than absolute zero, absolute zero cannot be reached.

Even outer space has a temperature of approximately 3 Kelvin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation

[edit] First Law in Detail

[edit] Saturated System Properties

Until this section is polished, please consult Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics

[edit] Second Law in Detail

Until this section is polished, please consult Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

[edit] Thermodynamics of Mechanical Systems

[edit] Exergy / Availability

Exergy is the maximum amount of energy able to be extracted from a system that lies within an environment. The environment is considered to exist at a dead state. A system at the dead state has the lowest possible potential to do work. When considering the amount of work available by heat transfer, it is herein assume that one is operating a reversible heat engine.

Exergy is dependent on both the system and its environment.

Imagine a hot bucket of water at 90 degrees C. In a warm Florida summer of 32 degrees C, the maximum amount of energy able to be extracted from that bucket of water is the energy it would take to drop the water temperature to the outdoor temperature of 32 C. (The water temperature would change by 58 C.) In a Florida winter of 4 degrees C, this difference is greater; the water would drop by 86 C. The very same bucket of water would have more exergy in the cooler climate because it has a greater potential difference from the dead state.

Until this section is polished, consult Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergy

[edit] Cycles

[edit] Gas Power Cycles

[edit] Vapor Power Cycles

[edit] Refrigeration Cycles

[edit] Differential Property Relations

[edit] Gas Mixtures

[edit] Psychometrics

[edit] Chemical Reactions

[edit] Equilibrium

[edit] Compressible Fluid Flow

This topic is normally covered in a second undergraduate course in fluid mechanics.